Traffic restrictions during COVID-19 lockdown improve air quality and reduce metal biodeposition in tree leaves

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a great global impact on human health, the life of people, and economies all over the world. However, in general, COVID-19´s effect on air quality has been positive due to the restrictions on social and economic activity. This study aimed to assess the impact on air quality and metal deposition of actions taken to reduce mobility in 2020 in two different urban locations. For this purpose, we analysed air pollution (NO₂, NO, NO_x, SO_2, CO, PM_10, O₃) and metal accumulation in leaves of Tilia cordata collected from April to September 2020 in two cities in northern Spain (Pamplona-PA and San Sebastián-SS). We compared their values with data from the previous year (2019) (in which there were no mobility restrictions) obtained under an identical experimental design. We found that metal accumulation was mostly lower during 2020 (compared with 2019), and lockdown caused significant reductions in urban air pollution. Nitrogen oxides decreased by 33%−44%, CO by 24%−38%, and PM₁₀ by 16%−24%. The contents of traffic-related metals were significantly reduced in both studied cities. More specifically, significant decreases in metals related to tyre and brake wear (Zn, Fe, and Cu) and road dust resuspension (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, and Ca) were observed. With these results, we conclude that the main reason for the improvement in urban air pollutants and metals was the reduction in the use of cars due to COVID-19 lockdown. In addition, we offer some evidence indicating the suitability of T. cordata leaves as a tool for biomonitoring metal accumulation. This information is relevant for future use by the scientific community and policy makers to implement measures to reduce traffic air pollution in urban areas and to improve environmental and human health.     

空气负（氧）离子研究的知识图谱

归纳空气负（氧）离子研究进展和前沿热点,旨在为未来研究提供参考。基于Web of Science核心数据库以“air negative oxygen ion”为检索对象,获取2002—2019年收录的空气负（氧）离子文献,并通过知识图谱展现18年间其发展历程。结果表明,2002—2019年Web of Science数据库共收录相关文献285篇,文献发表数量年平均增长率为7.08%,合作指数为4.54,期间出现了许多高产论文作者和高被引论文,期刊影响因子高和被引频次高的文献更容易被其他作者引用。空气负（氧）离子文章来源期刊的大类学科以物理、工程技术和化学等学科为主,其中在《Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics》期刊上发表数量最多,总计12篇。空气负（氧）离子文章相关高频关键词主要为氧、空气、性能、氮、放电和等离子体等,等离子体、电池、石墨烯等新能源、新材料的应用则是近年来该领域研究的热点。中国作者发文量、文章被引用量、中外合作发表文章数量较高,但文章篇均被引用量较低。中外作者在该领域研究方向上存在差异,国内以空气负（氧）离子与森林康养、环境因子的关系为主,国外以空气负（氧）离子在化学、工业、医疗方面的应用为主。     

紫花苜蓿胚性愈伤组织诱导与增殖的研究

为在不同栽培苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种上，建立稳定、快速且高效的组织培养体系，本试验以品种'游客’、'Paola’和'Sardi7’为研究材料，探究了苜蓿外植体、激素配比及金属离子(Cu²⁺、Ag⁺)，对其胚性愈伤组织的诱导效果。结果表明：下胚轴为诱导愈伤组织的最佳外植体；MS+1 mg·L^-12,4-D+0.2 mg·L^-1 KT为培养基时'游客’和'Paola’胚性愈伤诱导率分别为24.7%，16.7%；MS+2 mg·L^-12,4-D+0.2 mg·L^-1 KT为培养基时'Sardi7’胚性愈伤诱导效果最佳为27.3%；1 μmol·L^-1 和5 μmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺均能显著促进'Sardi7’'游客’和'Paola’愈伤组织的诱导；5 μmol·L^-1 Ag⁺显著诱导'游客’和'Paola’形成胚性愈伤组织，诱导率分别提高25.3%,46.7%(P<0.05)。本研究探索了诱导苜蓿愈伤组织的最佳外植体及其培养条件、金属离子促进不同苜蓿品种再生的作用，为突破同源四倍体栽培苜蓿品种基因型上的限制、提高胚性愈伤组织出愈率提供了思路。     

盐度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝 Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力的影响

研究了急性盐度胁迫对7月龄俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[体质量(86.1±18)g]鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、血清渗透压和血清离子(Na+、K+、Cl-)的影响。结果表明:幼鱼从淡水直接转入盐度15、20、25水中,96h死亡率分别为72.22%、100%、100%,其他组(盐度0、5、10)无死亡。各盐度组96h血清渗透压、Na+、Cl-浓度随盐度升高而增加,且各盐度组显著高于对照组(P0.05),盐度15组最高,盐度5、10组间各指标不存在显著差异(P0.05)。盐度组血清K+离子在48h中较对照组均显著降低(P0.05),96h时有所回升但仍低于对照组,盐度15与盐度5、10相比血清K+离子有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度5、10之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。盐度组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力呈先下降后上升变化,48h为最低,与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05),96h时盐度5、10组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力与对照组及组间无显著差异(P0.05),盐度15与对照组及盐度5、10均有显著差异(P0.05)。96h幼鱼的等渗点为303.2mOsm·kg-1,相当于盐度10.06,而Na+及Cl-等离子点分别为146.1mmol·L-1和136.8mmol·L-1,分别相当于盐度9.02和8.95。与盐度15组相比,盐度10及其以下处理组各项检测指标变化幅度相对较小,在幼鱼渗透调节范围之内,盐度10中养殖15d后各项指标与淡水组差异较小,因此7月龄俄罗斯鲟幼鱼已具备在盐度10及以下的咸水中生活的能力,但不能耐受高于10的盐度。     

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl^-.Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na⁺,K⁺,Ca2+,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,CO₃^2-,SO₄^2-,and HCO₃^-)were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.     

不同金属离子对生物质发酵产氢的影响

为揭示不同金属离子在生物质发酵产氢中的作用规律，以混合菌群发酵产氢为研究对象，采用正交试验设计的方法，考察了7种金属离子对生物质发酵产氢的影响。通过对不同金属离子质量浓度及相互关系对发酵产氢影响的综合比较，获得以下结论：促进混合菌群发酵产氢的金属离子组成为：Fe2+ 20 mg/L，Zn2+ 0 mg/L，Ni2+ 1 mg/L，Mg2+ 10 mg/L，K+ 100 mg/L，Fe3+ 100 mg/L，Mn2+ 1 mg/L；H2与CO2、总产气量存在显著的正比关系，与糖利用率无直接关系；以PDB（马     

柱花草SgNramp1和SgNramp2基因克隆与表达分析

为了探究植物天然抗性相关巨噬蛋白（Nramp）在金属元素吸收、转运和分配等方面的重要作用，本研究以柱花草（Stylosanthes guianensis）为材料，采用PCR方法克隆了柱花草SgNramp1/2基因，并分析了该基因的表达模式。结果表明：SgNramp1和SgNramp2基因全长分别为1 654 bp和1 716 bp，且均含有12个跨膜结构域。基因表达分析发现，SgNramp1在柱花草根部的表达高于叶部，而SgNramp2则在叶中特异性表达；金属元素缺乏和过量胁迫对SgNramp1/2基因表达的影响有所差异，缺锰（-Mn）处理抑制了SgNramp1/2基因在根和叶中的表达，而缺铁（-Fe）处理则增强了SgNramp2基因在叶中的表达，但抑制了其在根中的表达，SgNramp1/2基因在根和叶中的表达至少受到一种元素过量胁迫的影响。此外，金属镉（Cd）处理均增强了SgNramp1/2基因在柱花草根中的表达，而铝（Al）和镧（La）处理抑制了SgNramp1基因的表达，但增强了SgNramp2基因的表达。本研究结果表明SgNramp1/2基因可能参金属离子的转运。     

苜蓿草粉对金属材料的磨料磨损试验

选用与环模制粒工况相似的磨料磨损试验机,以首蓿草粉为磨料对试样进行磨料磨损试验.通过磨后表面的硬度和化学成分测定、微观结构和表面形貌观察,考察了苜蓿草粉对4种金属材料的磨料磨损.结果表明,4种材料的体积磨损量由小到大依次为3Cr13、9SiCr、45号钢、HT200,试样的磨损表面发生了物理和化学变化."软磨料磨损"中伴有"硬磨料磨损"的特征,显微切削和应变疲劳剥落为其主要磨损形式.     

钙离子胁迫对越南槐种子萌发的影响

以越南槐种子为实验材料,观察了钙离子胁迫对种子萌发过程的影响。结果显示：萌发种子的脯氨酸含量在100 mmol.L^-1钙离子条件下显著升高,而甜菜碱含量在50 mmol.L^-1钙离子条件下显著升高；电导率随着处理浓度的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,且100 mmol.L^-1钙离子条件下电导率高于对照；超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量随着处理浓度的增加而增加；抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性在100 mmol.L^-1钙离子条件下显著升高,同时,单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性随着处理浓度的增加而增强；表明钙离子浓度在100 mmol以下时主要产生渗透胁迫作用。     

持续充氧对养殖池塘上覆水—泥水界面—沉积物间隙水中离子垂直分布的影响

为研究底部充氧对养殖系统上覆水—泥水界面—沉积物间隙水中离子垂直分布的影响,在室内条件下构建模拟装置,设充氧组(实验组)和未充氧组(对照组),每组4个平行,利用Peeper技术分别采集各装置中第0、1、4和7天,上覆水—泥水界面—沉积物间隙水整个垂直剖面的原位水样,然后应用微量分光光度法测定样品中的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~-N、NO_2~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P和SO_4~(2-)-S浓度。结果显示:(1)短期充氧对NH_4~+-N在上覆水和沉积物间隙水中的垂直分布特征影响不显著;(2)充氧可使沉积物上覆水和表层沉积物(0~2 cm间隙水中的NO_3~--N浓度大幅升高;(3)硝化作用的中间产物NO_2~--N,由于不能和氧气大量共存,其平均浓度的最大值由未充氧前出现在上层上覆水,逐渐转变为在表层沉积物1 cm深处;(4)充氧促进了沉积物对PO_4~(3-)-P的吸附和固定,显著降低了其在上覆水和表层沉积物(0~2 cm)间隙水中的浓度;(5)充氧通过化学和生物途径氧化了系统中还原性含硫物质,大幅升高了上覆水和表层沉积物(0~2 cm)间隙水中的SO_4~(2-)-S的浓度;(6)主成份分析(PCA)表明,持续充氧1、4和7 d显著改变了上覆水的理化性质,其中第4天和第7天的数据与对照组差异最大,相对于上覆水,充氧对沉积物间隙水的总体影响不显著。研究表明,底部充氧可降低引起池塘富营养化PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度,提高了氧化性离子NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和SO_4~(2-)-S的浓度,显著改变了上覆水和表层沉积物间隙水的理化性质,是养殖池塘水质调控和环境修复的一种有效方法。